KONSEP, ALIRAN, &SEJARAH KOPERASI

A. Konsep Koperasi Barat

Koperasi merupakan organisasi swasta yang dibentuk secara sukarela oleh orang – orang yang mempunyai persamaan kepentingan, dengan maksud mengurusi kepentingan para anggotanya serta menciptakan keuntungan timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi maupun perusahaan koperasi.

Unsur – Unsur Positif Konsep Koperasi Barat

a.Keinginan individu dapat dipuaskan dengan cara bekerjasama antarsesama anggota dengan saling membantu dan saling menguntungkan

b.Setiap individu dengan tujuan yang sama dapat berpatisipasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dan menanggung risiko bersama

c.Hasol berupa suprlus/keuntungan didistribusikan kepada anggota sesuai dengan metode yang telah disepakati

d.Keuntungan yang belum didistribusikan akan dimasukkan sebagai cadangan koperasi

B.Konsep Koperasi Sosialis

Koperasi direncanakan dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasionalkan produksi, untuk menunjang perencanaan nasional.

C.Konsep Koperasi Negara Berkembang

Koperasi sudah berkembang dengan diri tersendiri yaitu dominasi campur tangan pemerintah dalam pembinaan dan pengembangnnya.

Perbedaan Dengan Konsep Sosialis

Konsep Sosialis : tujuan koperasi untuk merasionalkan faktor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi kepemilikan kolektif.

Konsep Negara Berkembang : tujuan koperasi adalah meningkatkan kondisi sosial ekonomi

ALIRAN KOPERASI

A.Aliran Yardstick
• Dijumpai pada negara-negara yang berideologi kapitalis atau yang menganut perekonomian Liberal.
• Koperasi dapat menjadi kekuatan untuk mengimbangi, menetralisasikan dan mengoreksi
• Pemerintah tidak melakukan campur tangan terhadap jatuh bangunnya koperasi di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Maju tidaknya koperasi terletak di tangan anggota koperasi sendiri
• Pengaruh aliran ini sangat kuat, terutama dinegara-negara barat dimana industri berkembang dg pesat. Spt di AS, Perancis, Swedia, Denmark, Jerman, Belanda dll.

B.Aliran Sosialis
• Koperasi dipandang sebagai alat yang paling efektif untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat, disamping itu menyatukan rakyat lebih mudah melalui organisasi koperasi.
• Pengaruh aliran ini banyak dijumpai di negara-negara Eropa Timur dan Rusia

C.Aliran Persemakmuran (Commonwealth)
•Koperasi sebagai alat yang efisien dan efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas ekonomi masyarakat.
•Koperasi sebagai wadah ekonomi rakyat berkedudukan strategis dan memegang peranan utama dalam struktur perekonomian masyarakat
•Hubungan Pemerintah dengan gerakan koperasi bersifat “Kemitraan (partnership)”, dimana pemerintah bertanggung jawab dan berupaya agar iklim pertumbuhan koperasi tercipta dengan baik.

“Kemakmuran Masyarakat Berdasarkan Koperasi” karangan E.D. Damanik
Membagi koperasi menjadi 4 aliran atau schools of cooperatives berdasarkan peranan dan fungsinya dalam konstelasi perekonomian negara, yakni :

a.Cooperative Commonwealth School

Aliran ini merupakan cerminan sikap yang menginginkan dan memperjuangkan agar prinsip-prinsip koperasi diberlakukan pada bagian luas kegiatan manusia dan lembaga, sehingga koperasi memberi pengaruh dan kekuatan yang dominan di tengah masyarakat.

b.School of Modified Capitalism (Schooll Yardstick)
Suatu paham yang menganggap koperasi sebagai suatu bentuk kapitalisme, namun memiliki suatu perangkat peraturan yang menuju pada pengurangan dampak negatif dari kapitalis

c.The Socialist School
Suatu paham yang menganggap koperasi sebagai bagian dari sistem sosialis

d.Cooperative Sector School
Paham yang menganggap filsafat koperasi sebagai sesuatu yang berbeda dari kapitalisme maupun sosialisme, dan karenanya berada di antara kapitalis dan sosialis

SEJARAH LAHIRNYA KOPERASI
• 1844 di Rochdale Inggris, lahirnya koperasi modern yang berkembang dewasa ini. Th 1852 jumlah koperasi di Inggris sudah mencapai 100 unit
• 1862 dibentuklah Pusat Koperasi Pembelian “The Cooperative Whole Sale Society (CWS)
• 1818 – 1888 koperasi berkembang di Jerman dipelopori oleh Ferdinan Lasalle, Fredrich W. Raiffesen
• 1808 – 1883 koperasi berkembang di Denmark dipelopori oleh Herman Schulze
• 1896 di London terbentuklah ICA (International Cooperative Alliance) maka koperasi telah menjadi suatu gerakan internasional

Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi di Indonesia
• 1895 di Leuwiliang didirikan pertama kali koperasi di Indonesia (Sukoco, “Seratus Tahun Koperasi di Indonesia”). Raden Ngabei Ariawiriaatmadja, Patih Purwokerto dkk mendirikan Bank Simpan Pinjam untuk menolong teman sejawatnya para pegawai negeri pribumi melepaskan diri dari cengkeraman pelepas uang.
Bank Simpan Pinjam tersebut, semacam Bank Tabungan jika dipakai istilah UU No. 14 tahun 1967 tentang Pokok-pokok Perbankan, diberi nama “De Poerwokertosche Hulp-en Spaarbank der Inlandsche Hoofden” = Bank Simpan Pinjam para ‘priyayi’ Purwokerto.
Atau dalam bahasa Inggris “the Purwokerto Mutual Loan and Saving Bank for Native Civil Servants”
• 1920 diadakan Cooperative Commissie yang diketuai oleh Dr. JH. Boeke sebagai Adviseur voor Volks-credietwezen. Komisi ini diberi tugas untuk menyelidiki apakah koperasi bermanfaat di Indonesia.
• 12 Juli 1947, diselenggarakan kongres gerakan koperasi se Jawa yang pertama di Tasikmalaya
• 1960 Pemerintah mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 140 tentang Penyaluran Bahan Pokok dan menugaskan koperasi sebagai pelaksananya.
• 1961, diselenggarakan Musyawarah Nasional Koperasi I (Munaskop I) di Surabaya untuk melaksanakan prinsip Demokrasi Terpimpin dan Ekonomi Terpimpin
• 1965, Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 14 th 1965, dimana prinsip NASAKOM (Nasionalis, Sosialis dan Komunis) diterapkan di Koperasi. Tahun ini juga dilaksanakan Munaskop II di Jakarta
• 1967 Pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No. 12 tahun 1967 tentang Pokok Pokok Perkoperasian disempurnakan dan diganti dengan UU no. 25 tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian
• Peraturan Pemerintah No.9 tahun 1995 tentang kegiatan Usaha Simpan Pinjam dan Koperasi

Yohanes Ginta / 2 EA 02/18210672

Tugas Softskill Task

1. My brother Prefer to play badminton instead of football.
2. My sistter Prefer drinking coffee to eating meatball.
3. Her mother Prefer watching gossip to watching news.
4. My mother would Prefer speak english instead to germany.
5. I Prefer walk to run.

6. My sister like blue Better Than red
7. mY father like reading paper Better Than reading magazine.
8. I always like swiming Better Than football.
9. My Brother like fishing Better Than swiming.
10.Father like car Better Than .motorcycle


11. I Would Rather play badminton than football.
12. Mother Would Rather cooking than watch TV.
13. My Brother Would Rather play video game than go to school.
14. Father Would Rather read newspaper than read magazine.
15. My brother Would Rather listen music than study.

Nama : Yohanes Ginta
Kelas: 1EA05
NPM : 18210672

Manager

Managers are building blocks of the organization. A manager performs five basic functions – Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. At all the levels of management we have managers working there and performing one or more of these managerial functions. A manager’s main role is to achieve effective utilization of resources in an organization. He achieves so through coordinated human efforts. A manager has a very important role to play in achieving organizational objectives. He is responsible for aligning the individual’s objectives with the organizational objectives. This is very essential for achieving long-term organizational success.

A Manager is the one who communicates organizational vision to the employees of the organization. He should ensure that there is effective communication flow in an organization and that there should no misinterpretations taking place.


A manager has crucial role to play in decision making process in an organization. He has to decide how to bring and communicate organizational changes. He plays a major role in setting organizational goals. He has to be in close contact with the employees of the organization. He should understand them and motivate them. He should encourage them so that they can perform effectively. He should praise them when they show brilliant performance and on bad performance, he should give them constructive feedback rather than negative feedback. He should provide them online support and coaching.


A manager should resolve conflicts among the employees and try to reach at an acceptable solution. This would improve employees work quality as well as performance. Thus, a manager’s role is very important so as to improve employees productivity as well as organization’s productivity. He should understand that organizational success depends on employees. Thus the more satisfied and happy the employees are the more success the organization will show. A manager must be committed to his work so as to set an example for his subordinates.


Here is a management role that must be played by the Manager:

1. Interpersonal Roles

Namely the relationship between the managers with the people around him, covering;

- Figurehead / Leaders Symbol: As a symbol of corporate events.
- Leader / Leader: Becoming the leader who gave the motivation of employees / subordinates and resolve problems that arise.
- Liaison / Liaison: Liaison with internal and external parties.

2. Role Information

Is a role in regulating the information possessed good that comes from within and outside the organization, including;

- Monitor / Observer: Supervise, monitor, follow, collect and record the event or events that occur either obtained directly or indirectly.
- Disseminator / Spreader: Spread the information to the people within the organization.
- Spokeperson / Spokesperson: Representing the unit that leads to outside parties.

3. Role of Decision Makers

It is a role in making good decisions that determined its own and produced with the other party, including;

- Entrepreneur / Entrepreneurship: Creating ideas and creations are creative and innovative ways to enhance work unit performance.
- Disturbance Handler / resolver Problem: Finding a way out and the best solution of every problem that arises.
- Resource Allicator / allocator Resources: Determining who receives the resources and huge resources.
- Negotiator / Negotiator: Negotiate with parties within and external to work unit or corporate interests.

Nama kelompok :
- Hilal Farisy Zulkarnaen
- Indra Wahyu Nugroho
- Yohanes Ginta

Kelas : 1EA05



Sumber:

http://ridhoschyte.blogspot.com/

GARDEN FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY(CONJUNCTION)

You can have the most elaborated back yard from the entire neighborhood, but if it isn’t functional you have built it in vain. We all want to have beautiful and flourishing gardens, but when we have a family, we must also take into consideration the needs of the other members of it. Divide the space of your yard in two or three visual spaces, one for play and relaxation, one for gardening and maybe one for pets. An open space, covered by lawn is ideal for your children. Here you can install a table for open air lunches or for a romantic summer evening dinner.
Do you have a fireplace? Keep a portion of your garden especially for depositing fire woods, but make sure it is at a considerable distance from the house or animals that can cause damage.
How about pets? You can build for these little members of your family special spaces, in which they can play and exercise. Before you plant bushes and ornamental plants, surround the pet space. Cats and dogs tend to be attracted exactly by the things we try to keep them away from.
Keep the by-passers’ eyes away from your personal life. Before planning the scenery, you must have in sight a place for the garbage cans. It wouldn’t be very nice to have a wonderful garden right next to the garbage cans. These can be efficiently hidden in some kind of surrounded space, decorated on the sides with life fence.
Functionality is an important factor in your garden, so you have to think about children, little pets and family assets before you plant anything. Save a portion of the yard especially for you, in which you can plant whatever you want and leave for the others some space to breathe freely.
You will find it more satisfying this way, once the whole family is happy with your garden and they might even bring their personal ideas for it. It is important that personal space is respected and that is why the garden must not be very wide, taking up all available space. Build from time to time a pathway or some benches where you can just relax and admire your work.


Sumber:

http://artikelbahasainggris.com/2010/11/25/menata-taman-rumah/#more-134

Yes or No Question

hello saya pengen posting Tugas Softskill "bahasa inggris" , materi yang di bahas kali ini adalah tentang YES OR NO QUESTION
di bawah ini merupakan hasil pekeerjaan dari tugas Softskill hahhaa, silakan di liat terima kasih:


LATIHAN 1.

1. A: Do you know my brother ?
B: No, I don`t
2. A: Does jane eats lunch at the cafetaria every day ?
B: Yes, She does
3. A: Does That pen belonge to you ?
B: Yes, Jane Does
4. A: Are The students speak english well in this class ?
B: Yes, They are
5. A: Did You sleep well last night ?
B: Yes, I did
6. A: Did Ann and Jim came to class yesterday ?
B: No, they didn`t
7. A: Are You studying your grammar book ?
B: Yes, I am
8. A: Are The children watching tv ?
B: No, The aren`t
9. A: Are Tim Wilson is in your astronomy class ?
B: Yes, He is
10.A: Was it foggy yesterday ?
B: No, It wasn`t
11.A: Will You be at home tonight ?
B: No, I won`t
12.A: Is Jason going to work tomorrow ?

B: No, Jason isn`t


LATIHAN 5


1. A: When/What time did you get up this morning ?
B: At 7:30
2. A: Where you get lunch today ?
B: At the cafetaria.
3. A: What/when time did you lunch ?
B: At 12:15
4. A: Why you eat in cafetaria ?
B: Because the food is good
5. A: Where your aunt and uncle live ?
B: In chicago
6. A: When you going to visit your aunt and uncle ?
B: Next week
7. A: what/when time you will get home ?
B: Around six
8. A: Where is george going to study ?
B: At the library
9. A: Why George studies at the library ?
B: Because it`s quite
10.A: Where i can catch a bus ?
B: At that corner
11.A: What/when time you have to leave ?
B: Ten o`clock
12.A: Where was you living ?
B: In Japan


Sekian postingan tugas dari saya dan kelompok tentunya hha, maaf-maaf kalau ada salah kata dalam penulisan tersebut, harap di maklumi
Terima kasih.

Nama kelompok :
- Hilal Farisy Zulkarnaen
- Indra Wahyu Nugroho
- Yohanes Ginta

Kelas : 1EA05

Manusia dan Penderitaan

Penderitaan seakan tak pernah lepas dari Indonesia. Berbagai peristiwa menghampiri Indonesia mulai dari tanah longsor,gunung meletus,banjir.tsunami dan masih banyak lagi kejadian-kejadian yang memakan korban jiwa. Kalo kita boleh meminta kepada Tuhan mungkin kita akan meminta jangan biarkan bencana menimpa kita. Tetapi itu semua sudah rencana Tuhan,mungkin Tuhan ingin menyadarkan kita manusia bahwa alam adalah rumah manusia yang harus dijaga.

STUDENTSITE GUNADARMA

Studentsite merupakan salah satu fasilitas dari sekian banyak fasilitas-fasilitas yang di berikan oleh Universitas Gunadarma kepada mahasiswa. Studentsite merupakan layanan informasi berbasis web diperuntukan bagi mahasiswa Universitas Gunadarma yang masih aktif. Dengan kata lain mahasiswa terbantu dengan adanya Studentsite. Dalam studentsite kita dapat memihat layanan-layanan yang kita inginkan seperti jadwal kuliah,kalender akedemik,jadwal ujian,baak news dll. Saya pribadi terbantu dengan adanya studentsite karena semua imformasi mengenai perkuliahan telah tersedia di web ini dan dapat di akses kapan saja.

http://studentsite.gunadarma.ac.id